Always On VPN Ask Me Anything (AMA) March 2023

It’s that time again! Have questions about Always On VPN? Are you having a specific issue you can’t figure out? Need information about configuration options? Here’s your chance to get your questions answered! Join me next week on Thursday, March 23, 2023, at 10:00 AM PDT (UTC -7) for an opportunity to ask me anything (AMA!) about Microsoft Windows Always On VPN and related technologies.

The AMA will be an open forum session where we can all talk shop about Always On VPN. It’s a great chance to learn new things and share experiences with your peers. We’ll discuss known issues and limitations, best practices, and more.

Update: Missed the session? You can watch it here!

Everyone is welcome. Don’t miss out on this excellent opportunity to connect and learn. Register today!

Can’t make the session? Register anyway and I’ll send you the link to the recording as soon as it is availalbe!

Always On VPN RRAS and Stale Connections

Always On VPN Updates for RRAS and IKEv2

Always On VPN administrators may be familiar with an issue that affects Windows Server Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) servers, where many stale VPN connections appear in the list of active connections. The issue is most prevalent when using IKEv2, either for the Always On VPN device tunnel or the user tunnel. Typically, this does not cause problems, but some administrators have reported issues related to port exhaustion or failed IKEv2 connections when many stale connections are present. Stale connections happen so frequently that I created a PowerShell script to clean them up on the RRAS server. Restarting the RemoteAccess service or rebooting the server also clears stale connections.

Microsoft Fix

Thankfully, Microsoft has addressed these issues in Windows Server 2019 and Windows Server 2022 this month. An update is now available in the March 2023 security update that resolves this problem.

You can find more information about the updates here.

The update was not made available for Windows Server 2016, however. Organizations are encouraged to upgrade to Windows Server 2019 or later to address this problem.

Additional Information

Always On VPN Updates for RRAS and IKEv2

Always On VPN IKEv2 Load Balancing and NAT

Always On VPN and IKEv2 Fragmentation

Always On VPN Error 13868

Troubleshooting Always On VPN Error 691 and 812 – Part 2

The Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) VPN protocol is the protocol of choice for Microsoft Always On VPN deployments where the highest levels of security and assurance are required. However, as I’ve written about in the past, often the default IKEv2 security settings are less than desirable. Before using IKEv2 VPN in a production environment the administrator will need to update these security settings accordingly.

Connection Failure

When configuring Windows Server Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) or a third-party VPN appliance to support IKEv2 using custom security policies, the administrator may encounter a scenario in which a connection cannot be established due to a policy mismatch error. When the connection attempt fails, an error will be recorded in the Windows Application event log from the RasClient source with Event ID 20227. The error message states the following:

“The user [username] dialed a connection named [connection name] which has failed. The error code returned on failure is 13868.”

Always On VPN IKEv2 Policy Mismatch Error

Error Code 13868

Error code 13868 translates to ERROR_IPSEC_IKE_POLICY_MATCH. Essentially this error indicates that the IKEv2 security policy on the client did not match the configuration on the server.

Server Configuration

To view the current IKEv2 IPsec policy configuration, open an elevated PowerShell command window and run the following command.

Get-VpnServerIPsecConfiguration

Always On VPN IKEv2 Policy Mismatch Error

Client Configuration

To ensure interoperability, the VPN client must be configured to use the same IKEv2 security policy as defined on the sever. To view a VPN client’s currently configured IKEv2 security policy, open an elevated PowerShell command window and run the following command.

Get-VpnConnection -Name [connection name] | Select-Object -ExpandProperty IPsecCustomPolicy

Always On VPN IKEv2 Policy Mismatch Error

Note: If this PowerShell command returns no output, the VPN connection is not using a custom IKEv2 IPsec security policy.

Updating Settings

Guidance for configuring IKEv2 security policies on Windows Server RRAS and Windows 10 can be found here.

NPS Policy

Another common cause of IKEv2 policy mismatch errors is a misconfigured Network Policy Server (NPS) network policy. Specifically, administrators may disable Basic and Strong encryption for MPPE in an attempt to improve security.

Always On VPN IKEv2 Policy Mismatch Error

The NPS policy for Always On VPN must include Strong encryption at a minimum. Basic and No encryption can be safely disabled.

Always On VPN IKEv2 Policy Mismatch Error

Summary

IKEv2 policy mismatch errors can be resolved easily by ensuring both the VPN server and client are configured to use the same IPsec security policies. Use the PowerShell commands in the above referenced above to validate settings and make changes when necessary.

Additional Information

Microsoft Always On VPN Error 13801

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN Error 13806

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN Certificate Requirements for IKEv2

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN IPsec Root Certificate Configuration Issue

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN IKEv2 Policy Mismatch Error

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN IKEv2 Security Configuration

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN IKEv2 Fragmentation

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN IKEv2 Load Balancing and NAT

Microsoft Windows Always On VPN IKEv2 Features and Limitations

Always On VPN Masterclass at ViaMonstra Online Academy

I’m pleased to announce that my popular Always On VPN Deep Dive Workshop training event is coming to the ViaMonstra Online Academy! Many of you have requested a virtual, live, online training event for Microsoft Always On VPN, so here’s your opportunity to learn all about this secure remote access technology without having to leave the comfort of your home or office.

Live and Online

This live, online 4-day virtual training event will take place April 10-13, 2023. The cost for the training is $3,195.00 and will include ten training modules and numerous hands-on labs. Don’t miss out on this excellent opportunity to learn more about designing, implementing, managing, and support Always On VPN. Space is limited, so register today!

Additional Information

Always On VPN Masterclass at ViaMonstra Online Academy

Always On VPN Free Mini-Course at ViaMonstra Online Academy

Always On VPN RADIUS Configuration Missing

Windows Server Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) is a popular choice for administrators deploying Always On VPN. It is easy to configure and scales out easily. Most commonly, RRAS servers are configured to use RADIUS authentication to provide user authentication for Always On VPN client connections. The RADIUS server can be Microsoft Network Policy and Access Server (NPAS, or simply NPS) or a third-party RADIUS solution. It is best to have the RADIUS service running on a server separate from the RRAS server.

RADIUS Authentication

Administrators can configure RADIUS authentication by opening the Routing and Remote Access management console (rrasmgmt.msc), right-clicking the VPN server, then choosing Properties > Security. Click the Configure button to configure authentication and accounting providers accordingly.

RADIUS Options Missing

In some cases, the administrator will notice that the option to configure RADIUS authentication and accounting servers is missing. In its place is the following error message.

“Because Network Policy Server (NPS) is installed, you must use it to configure authentication and accounting providers. To configure authentication and accounting providers, create or modify connection request policies.”

Configuration Options

It might be tempting for administrators to follow this guidance when presented with this message by opening the Network Policy management console (nps.msc) to configure it. However, that is not recommended or necessary. This message results from a common configuration error that should be corrected.

NPS Role Installed

The error message above occurs when an administrator mistakenly installs the NPAS role on the RRAS server itself. Again, this is not recommended or required. To resolve this issue, uninstall the NPS role by opening an elevated PowerShell command window and running the following command.

Uninstall-WindowsFeature NPAS

Configuration Corrupted

After removing the NPAS role from the RRAS server, administrators may encounter the following error message when configuring RADIUS authentication and accounting servers in RRAS.

“The connection request policy used for authentication and accounting configuration is corrupted. Either install Network Policy Server (NPS) and restore the connection request policy manually, or click Repair Settings to restore the connection request policy by using Windows Accounting and Windows Authentication.”

Repair Settings

To resolve this issue, click the Repair Settings button. Once complete, RADIUS authentication and accounting configuration should work as expected.

Additional Information

Always On VPN Network Policy Server (NPS) Auditing and Logging

Always On VPN Network Policy Server (NPS) Load Balancing

Always On VPN and Windows Server 2019 Network Policy Server (NPS) Bug

Always On VPN DPC with Intune

In the past, I’ve written about Always On VPN Dynamic Profile Configurator (DPC), a software solution administrators can use to provision and manage Always On VPN client configuration settings using Active Directory and group policy. In addition to streamlining the deployment and management of Always On VPN client settings, DPC has many advanced features and capabilities to ensure optimal security, performance, and connection reliability.

Optimizations

Many settings required to fine-tune and optimize Always On VPN connections are not exposed in the Intune UI or XML. They must be configured by manipulating configuration files, setting registry keys, and running PowerShell commands. Much of this can be automated using Intune Proactive Remediation, but it is far from ideal. Administrators must configure Always On VPN using one method, then deploy optimizations using another. In addition, Proactive Remediation suffers from timing issues where some settings are not applied immediately, resulting in degraded or inoperable VPN connections until changes take effect.

Always On VPN DPC

Always On VPN DPC allows administrators to configure many advanced settings quickly and conveniently using the familiar Group Policy Management console (gpmc.msc). DPC dramatically reduces the administrative burden associated with Always On VPN client management. In addition, DPC enables many of these options by default, ensuring optimal security and reliable operation. Also, DPC immediately implements all configuration settings, eliminating the need to reboot to apply configuration changes.

Intune and ADMX

Historically, Always On VPN DPC could only be used when managing endpoints exclusively with Active Directory group policy. However, DPC can now be used with Microsoft Endpoint Manager/Intune thanks to a new feature that allows administrators to import custom ADMX and ADML administrative templates to Microsoft Endpoint Manager (MEM).

Note: This feature is in public preview at the time of this writing.

DPC and Intune

The combination of DPC and Intune brings with it many advantages. Using DPC with Microsoft Endpoint Manager/Intune offers administrators simplified deployment and many advanced features provided by Always On VPN DPC. In addition, customers who have deployed DPC on-premises can now migrate seamlessly to Microsoft Endpoint Manager/Intune management without giving up DPC’s valuable features.

Learn More

Enter your contact details in the form below for more information regarding Always On VPN DPC. Also, visit https://aovpndpc.com/ to register for a free Always On VPN DPC trial.

Additional Information

Always On VPN with Active Directory Group Policy

Introduction to Always On VPN DPC

Always On VPN DPC Advanced Features

Always On VPN DPC Video Demonstrations

What’s New in Always On VPN DPC v3.0

Always On VPN DPC Free Trial

Always On VPN SSTP and HSTS

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a feature commonly used by websites to protect against protocol downgrade attacks, where an attacker forces the use of insecure HTTP instead of HTTPS. If successful, the attacker can intercept unencrypted communication between the client and the web server. This is undesirable for obvious reasons. As such, web server administrators implement an HTTP response header named Strict-Transport-Security with some additional settings that instruct the user agent, in this case, a web browser, to only use secure HTTPS when communicating with the web server. Attempts to use HTTP will not work.

VPN and SSTP

As security is always a top concern when building an Always On VPN infrastructure, careful attention must be paid to VPN protocol configuration to ensure optimal security. Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) is a popular VPN protocol for Always On VPN user tunnel connections. SSTP uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) for encryption, so administrators are encouraged to implement recommended security configurations, such as disabling insecure protocols like TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 and optimizing TLS cipher suites as described here.

SSTP with HSTS

It would seem that enabling HSTS on a Windows RRAS VPN server would be ideal for improving SSTP security. However, that’s not the case. HSTS prevents protocol downgrade attacks from HTTPS to HTTP, but SSTP already uses HTTPS exclusively, making the use of HSTS irrelevant. If an attacker attempted a protocol downgrade attack on an SSTP VPN connection, it would fail because the service does not support HTTP between the client and the VPN gateway. Additionally, even if it were possible to configure RRAS to send an HSTS response header, it would be ignored by the client because the user agent is not a web browser.

Additional Information

Always On VPN SSTP Security Configuration

Always On VPN SSTP and TLS 1.3

Always On VPN SSTP Certificate Renewal

Always On VPN SSTP with Let’s Encrypt Certificates

Always On VPN SSTP Certificate Binding Error

SSL and TLS Training for Always On VPN Administrators

SSL and TLS Training for Always On VPN Administrators

Understanding Transport Layer Security (TLS) is essential for Always On VPN administrators. TLS (formerly Security Sockets Layer, or SSL) is used not only for Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP), the protocol of choice for the Always On VPN user tunnel in most deployments, but many other technologies such as secure websites and email, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), secure LDAP (LDAPS), and many more. High-quality, affordable TLS training is challenging to find, however.

UPDATE! This course has been further discounted for a limited time. Details below!

Practical TLS

Thankfully, Ed Harmoush from Practical Networking has a fantastic training course called Practical TLS that meets these requirements. It is the most comprehensive TLS training course I’ve seen and is surprisingly affordable too!

Course Content

The Practical TLS training course includes the following modules.

  • Module 1 – SSL/TLS Overview (free preview!)
  • Module 2 – Cryptography
  • Module 3 – x509 Certificates and Keys
  • Module 4 – Security through Certificates
  • Module 5 – Cipher Suites
  • Module 6 – SSL/TLS Handshake
  • Module 7 – TLS Defenses

TLS 1.3

The Practical TLS training course does not yet include a module on the newest TLS protocol, TLS 1.3. However, it is due out imminently! Ed is working on the content as we speak, and a preview module is included in the course today. Look for the final TLS 1.3 module soon.

Bonus Content

In addition to excellent TLS training, the course includes free OpenSSL training! Administrators working with certificates in non-Microsoft environments are sure to find this helpful. Understanding OpenSSL will benefit administrators working with network and security appliances such as firewalls and load balancers.

Enroll Now

The cost of the Practical TLS training course is regularly $297.00. It is a perpetual license, so you can view the content whenever you like and as often as you wish. You will also have access to future updates, such as the upcoming TLS 1.3 module. In addition, you can save $100.00 on the course by using promotional code RICHARDHICKS when you sign up. Don’t hesitate. Register for Practical TLS training now!

Special Discount

For a limited time, you can use the code PracticalTLS13 to get this entire course for just $49.00! This won’t last long, so register soon!

Additional Information

Practical Networking Blog

Practical TLS Training Course – $100 Off!

OpenSSL Training Course

Microsoft Always On VPN and TLS 1.3

Microsoft Always On VPN SSTP Security Configuration

Microsoft Always On VPN SSTP Certificate Renewal

Microsoft Always On VPN SSTP with Let’s Encrypt Certificates

What’s New in Always On VPN DPC v3.0

Recently I wrote about a compelling solution from PowerON Platforms for managing Always On VPN client configuration setting using Active Directory group policy. Always On VPN Dynamic Profile Configurator (DPC) addresses a very specific need for managing Always On VPN for organizations that have not yet migrated to Microsoft Endpoint Manager/Intune. Recently, PowerON Platforms released an important update to DPC that includes many new features and capabilities.

New Features

Always On VPN DPC version 3.0 includes the following new functionality Always On VPN administrators are sure to find useful.

  • Traffic filters – Support for enabling traffic filters for both device tunnel and user tunnel are now supported in DPC, greatly simplifying the task of creating access control lists to enforce zero-trust network access (ZTNA) policies.
  • Enhanced security – The option to disconnect the VPN connection if the VPN server does not present a cryptobinding TLV is now enabled by default. This often-overlooked security setting ensures VPN client connections are not intercepted by detecting man-in-the-middle attacks.
  • Device tunnel enhancements – Administrators can now display the device tunnel connection and status in the Windows UI.
  • Backup connection – Always On VPN DPC now supports the configuration and deployment of a backup VPN connection, which is helpful when Always On VPN connectivity is disrupted.
  • Hostname routing – Administrators can now define hostnames in the routing table. Hostnames are resolved on the endpoint and converted to IP addresses for including in the routing table.
  • Smart card authentication – Always On VPN DPC now supports smart card authentication as an authentication option in addition to client authentication certificates.

Learn More

Interested in learning more about Always On VPN DPC? Fill out the form below and I’ll provide you with additional information or visit aovpndpc.com to sign up for a free trial.

Additional Information

Always On VPN with Active Directory Group Policy

Always On VPN Video Demonstration

Always On VPN DPC Advanced Features

Always On VPN DPC on YouTube

Endpoint Manager and Intune Learning Resources for Always On VPN Administrators

Microsoft Endpoint Manager (MEM), formerly Intune, is the recommended solution for deploying and managing Windows Always On VPN client configuration settings. Always On VPN is designed for Mobile Device Management (MDM), with configuration settings deployed specifically to the VPNv2 Configuration Service Provider (CSP) interface.

Resources

Getting up to speed on all things MEM isn’t difficult at all. I’ve found the MEM community to be exceedingly helpful, and there are many available training resources in various formats from which to choose.

Books

The following is a list of Microsoft Endpoint Manager books Always On VPN administrators will find most helpful for learning about MEM.

YouTube

The Intune Training channel on YouTube is an incredibly valuable resource for Always On VPN administrators learning MEM. Hosted by Steven Hosking, Adam Gross, and Ben Reader, there are countless videos covering important MEM configuration tasks.

Pluralsight

Pluralsight offers video training courses for a wide variety of IT-related topics. Recently I published the  Implementing Always On VPN video training course. There are several Microsoft Endpoint Manager video training courses available as well. Pluralsight is available via subscription. You can sign up for a free trial here if you don’t have a subscription.

Conferences

The Midwest Management Summit (MMS) is the premier event for systems management professionals. Their annual conference takes place each spring in the U.S. (Minneapolis, MN). The event is the best place to learn about Microsoft Endpoint Manager and network with systems management professionals worldwide.

Additional Resources

As a reminder, MEM topics such as certificate deployment and Always On VPN profile deployment and management are covered in detail in both my Implementing Always On VPN book and the Implementing Always On VPN video training course on Pluralsight. 😁