Intranet Certificate Monitoring with CertKit

CertKit is a cloud-based solution that automates the issuance and management of public TLS certificates. It also provides certificate monitoring and alerting for public-facing workloads. However, many organizations have internal (non-public-facing) services that also use TLS. CertKit agent v1.13.0, currently in preview, closes this gap by providing visibility into TLS certificates used by intranet resources. After installing the latest release of the agent, CertKit can now provide visibility into the status of TLS certificates for internal resources.

Intranet Monitoring

After installing or updating the CertKit agent to v1.13.0, administrators can select an internal TLS service to monitor. Follow the steps below to enable this feature.

Certificate Collection

I recommend creating a separate Certificate Collection to support intranet monitoring. In the CertKit management console, click Add Collection, enter a unique, descriptive name, and click Add Collection.

Install the Agent

Once the new collection is created, navigate to the Agents tab, select your platform, then download, install, and register the agent.

Monitor New Host

After the agent is installed and registered, navigate to the Monitoring tab and click Monitor New Host. Enter the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the resource and specify its TLS port. Under Host Visibility, select Internal, and then choose the agent to monitor the host from. When finished, click Monitor Host.

Note: The server running the CertKit agent does not require a TLS certificate of its own to monitor internal resources.

Monitored Hosts

CertKit can track certificates for any internal workload that uses TLS. In this example, the monitored resources include web applications, security appliances, load balancers, and HTTP CRL distribution points. The list also includes LDAPS on the domain controllers and the RDP and WinRM HTTPS services on the management workstation.

The circle next to each resource indicates its certificate status. Green indicates a healthy certificate, yellow indicates one approaching expiration, and red indicates an expired certificate or another detected issue.

Note: The RDP certificate on the management workstation appears red because it contains only the Remote Desktop Authentication EKU (1.3.6.1.4.1.311.54.1.2). It intentionally does not include Server Authentication, which CertKit currently expects when validating the service. CertKit is aware of this limitation and plans to address it in a future release.

Host Discovery

CertKit provides robust discovery for public websites but does not currently offer equivalent functionality for intranet resources. Administrators can identify internal systems listening on a specific port by using Nmap.

nmap.exe -Pn -p [port] --open [internal subnet]

For example:

nmap.exe -Pn -p 443 --open 172.16.0.0/24

Alternatively, add the -oX switch to save the output in XML format.

nmap.exe -Pn -p 443 --open 172.16.0.0/24 -oX scan.xml

The resulting Nmap XML file output can be converted to CSV format using this PowerShell code.

Summary

CertKit agent v1.13.0 extends certificate monitoring to internal TLS services, giving administrators greater visibility into certificates that were previously difficult to track. Although intranet host discovery remains a manual process, tools such as Nmap and PowerShell can help identify resources to add to the monitoring platform

Getting Started with CertKit

Need help improving certificate visibility and management across your organization? Want to automate public TLS certificate enrollment for workloads such as DirectAccess, Always On VPN, IIS, SQL, and more? I can help you assess your certificate environment, identify monitoring gaps, and develop a strategy for managing certificates across internal and public-facing workloads. Fill out the form below, and I’ll provide you with more information.

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Additional Information

CertKit Website

What Is CertKit?

CerKit Agent Support for Always On VPN SSTP and DirectAccess IPHTTPS TLS Certificates

IIS TLS Certificate Deployment with CertKit

The Case for 6-Day Public TLS Certificates

DirectAccess IPHTTPS and Let’s Encrypt 6-Day TLS Certificates

Entra Internet Access TLS Inspection and Always On VPN: Troubleshooting SSTP Connection Failures

Microsoft Entra Global Secure Access (GSA) is a cloud-based Security Service Edge (SSE) solution that includes Entra Private Access to provide zero-trust network access to private data and applications, and Entra Internet Access to provide security controls for general internet access. Entra Internet Access includes features such as web content filtering, AI prompt controls, TLS inspection, and more. Entra Private Access and Entra Internet Access share a common client: the Global Secure Access Client.

TLS Inspection

TLS inspection is a powerful feature of Entra Internet Access that allows inspection and policy enforcement for encrypted internet traffic. It enables more thorough inspection and is required for features such as AI prompt policies. When TLS inspection is enabled, the TLS connection from the target server (origin server) is terminated by the Entra service. A new session is created between the cloud and the endpoint using a dynamically generated TLS certificate issued by Entra. As Entra holds the private key for this certificate, it can decrypt and inspect traffic as necessary.

Always On VPN

Recently, a customer asked me to help troubleshoot an Always On VPN user tunnel connectivity issue. The problem began shortly after deploying the Global Secure Access client with TLS inspection enabled. Administrators had configured the default TLS inspection policy to inspect traffic for all websites.

User Tunnel Failures

Attempts to manually start the Always On VPN user tunnel resulted in a failed connection attempt with the following error message.

Error 0x800704D4: The network connection was aborted by the local system.

Event Logs

Reviewing the client event logs revealed numerous Event ID 20227 entries from the RasClient source with the following error message.

The user DOMAIN\User dialed a connection named [connection name] which has failed. The error code returned on failure is -2147023660.

Note: Error code -2147023660 is the decimal equivalent of 0x800704D4.

Troubleshooting

Initial testing with Test-NetConnection confirmed that TCP port 443 on the VPN server was reachable. However, using Get-TlsCertificate revealed the real problem.

Although the certificate subject matched the VPN server, the issuer did not. Instead of the VPN server’s issuing CA, the certificate had been issued by Microsoft Entra Global Secure Access, confirming that TLS inspection was intercepting the connection.

SSTP and TLS Inspection

The Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) is a Microsoft proprietary VPN transport that uses HTTP for tunneling and TLS for security. Unlike a web browser, which can establish a new trusted TLS session with an inspection proxy, SSTP validates the VPN server’s certificate as part of establishing the VPN tunnel. Any certificate substitution, even by a trusted TLS inspection service, changes the server certificate thumbprint and causes SSTP validation to fail.

Workaround

The solution is to create a TLS inspection exclusion policy to exempt inspection for the VPN server FQDN(s), as shown here.

Summary

Microsoft Entra Internet Access TLS inspection can unintentionally interfere with Always On VPN deployments that use SSTP. Because TLS inspection replaces the VPN server’s certificate with one issued by Microsoft Entra, SSTP detects the certificate mismatch and terminates the connection. If you use Always On VPN with Entra Internet Access, configure a TLS inspection exclusion for your VPN server FQDNs to prevent interception while preserving TLS inspection for general internet traffic.

Additional Information

Always On VPN vs. Entra Private Access: Choosing the Right Access Model for your Organization

What is Microsoft Entra Global Secure Access?

Microsoft Entra Internet Access

Microsoft Entra Private Access

Always On VPN SSTP and 47-Day TLS Certificates

Always On VPN SSTP and HSTS

Microsoft AD CS Adds Post-Quantum Cryptography Support with ML-DSA

Despite predictions of its decline, Microsoft Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) continues to evolve. Following significant enhancements introduced in late 2025, including CRL partitioning and support for 16K database pages, the May 2026 update adds another important capability: support for Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC).

ML-DSA

Specifically, the May 2026 update adds support for ML-DSA-44, ML-DSA-65, and ML-DSA-87 in Windows Server 2025 for AD CS. This enables administrators to begin evaluating post-quantum cryptographic algorithms and assessing PQC readiness in enterprise PKI environments

Configuration

After applying the May 2026 update to an issuing Certification Authority (CA), administrators will find new PQC algorithms under the Algorithm name drop-down list, as shown here.

Note: If you don’t see these new algorithms, ensure you have selected Key Storage Provider from the Provider Category drop-down list. In addition, ensure that you select Signature on the Request Handling tab.

Test Results

Initial testing across common enterprise certificate scenarios produced mixed results. While PQC works well in some scenarios, other workloads still show limitations.

Code Signing

Code signing with an ML-DSA-44 certificate issued by AD CS works perfectly. For example, I can use Set-AuthenticodeSignature to sign a PowerShell script, as shown here.

Viewing the file’s properties shows that the encryption algorithm used to sign the file was ML-DSA-44, as expected.

IIS

TLS-based workloads proved more challenging. Attempts to configure an HTTPS binding in IIS failed with the following error message.

There was an error while performing this operation. A specified logon session does not exist. It may already have been terminated. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80070520).

RRAS and SSTP

Similar limitations occurred when testing remote-access VPN scenarios using RRAS and SSTP. Specifically, configuring a PQC TLS certificate for SSTP in RRAS failed. Although I was able to assign the certificate using Set-RemoteAccess, the RemoteAccess service failed to start.

Remote Desktop

Unfortunately, using PQC certificates for RDP also fails. Although I could assign the PQC certificate to the RDP listener, clients fail to connect using RDP and return the following error message.

This computer can’t connect to the remote computer. Try connecting again. If the problem continues, contact the owner of the remote computer or your network administrator.

Error code: 0x904
Extended error code: 0x7

Summary

The May 2026 update marks an important milestone for AD CS by introducing initial support for PQC algorithms, allowing organizations to begin evaluating ML-DSA certificates in enterprise environments. Early testing shows promising results for signing scenarios such as code signing; however, broader infrastructure workloads, including TLS, VPN, and Remote Desktop, remain limited today. Although PQC support is still in its early stages, these updates demonstrate Microsoft’s ongoing investment in AD CS and provide administrators with an opportunity to begin preparing their PKI environments for the post-quantum future. Additional PQC enhancements, including ML-KEM support and broader ecosystem integration, are anticipated in future Windows updates.

Additional Information

Microsoft May 2026 Security Updates (KB5087539)

Post Quantum Cryptography in the Enterprise