All posts tagged DHCP

Always On VPN and IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) has been with us for nearly 30 years. IPv6 adoption on the public Internet has steadily increased over the last decade, and today is approaching 50%. However, enterprise adoption of IPv6 has been surprisingly sluggish despite its numerous benefits. IPv6 includes an expanded address space that removes complex subnetting requirements and globally unique addressing that eliminates the need to perform Network Address Translation (NAT), among others. Organizations should consider deploying IPv6 internally to take advantage of these capabilities.

IPv6 and RRAS

I’ve deployed Microsoft Always On VPN for customers using IPv6 numerous times. The following describes configuration settings required to support IPv6 in a Microsoft environment using a Windows Server Routing and Remote Access (RRAS) server.

To begin, open the Routing and Remote Access management console (rrasmgmt.msc) on the RRAS VPN server, then follow the steps below to enable IPv6 support for Always On VPN connections.

Note: The configuration below assumes that IPv6 is already deployed on the internal network, either natively or dual-stacked with IPv4.

IPv6 Remote Access

Perform the following steps to enable IPv6 remote access on the RRAS VPN server.

  1. Right-click the RRAS VPN server in the navigation tree and choose Properties.
  2. Check the box next to the IPv6 Remote access server on the General tab.

Prefix Assignment

Next, an IPv6 prefix must be assigned to each RRAS VPN server. This IPv6 prefix must be unique for each server and not in use anywhere else on the internal network. Unlike IPv4, IPv6 addresses cannot be assigned from the same prefix (subnet) as the VPN server’s internal network interface. With that, ensure that internal network IPv6 routing returns traffic for the assigned IPv6 prefixes to the corresponding VPN server.

Perform the following steps to assign an IPv6 prefix for VPN client use.

  1. Right-click the RRAS VPN server in the navigation tree and choose Properties.
  2. Select the IPv6 tab.
  3. Check the box next to Enable IPv6 Forwarding.
  4. If force tunneling is required (not recommended), check the box next to Enable Default Route Advertisement.
  5. Enter an IPv6 prefix in the IPv6 prefix assignment field. Again, ensure the IPv6 prefix is globally unique, and that internal network routing is configured to return traffic to the VPN server that owns the prefix.
  6. If your RRAS server is multi-homed, select the internal network interface from the Adapter drop-down list.

DHCP

Organizations with IPv6 deployed internally may use Microsoft Windows DHCPv6 or a dedicated DNS/DHCP/IP Address Management (IPAM) (DDI) solution like Infoblox. However, Windows Server RRAS does not support DHCPv6 for VPN client IP address assignment. Administrators must manually assign an IPv6 prefix per server. However, administrators can use DHCP alongside IPv6 prefix assignment for VPN client IPv4 addressing.

Limitations

While IPv6 may solve some problems for Always On VPN administrators, it has some limitations. Here are some crucial considerations for IPv6 and Always On VPN at the time of this writing.

Traffic Filters

You cannot use IPv6 when configuring traffic filters for Always On VPN. Specifying IPv6 elements in a traffic filter rule will prevent Always On VPN from working at all. More details here.

Intune and Routing

When split tunneling is enabled, Microsoft Intune will not accept IPv6 routes using the standard IPv6 subnet prefix of /64. The UI complains that “the value must be between 1 and 32”.

You can use the custom XML deployment option to configure Always On VPN to support split tunneling correctly as a workaround.

Additional Information

Overview of IPv6

Everything You Never Knew about NAT

Disabling IPv6 Breaks Windows Server RRAS

Microsoft Always On VPN Traffic Filters and IPv6

Discussing Microsoft and IPv6 on the IPv6 Buzz Podcast (Packet Pushers)

6 Comments
by Richard M. Hicks on January 22, 2024  •  Permalink
Posted in administration, Always On VPN, AOVPN, Application Filter, Deployment, device tunnel, Enterprise, enterprise mobility, Infrastructure, IPv6, Microsoft, Microsoft Intune, Mobile Device Management, Mobility, Remote Access, routing, routing and remote access service, RRAS, split tunnel, split tunneling, Traffic Filter, user tunnel, VPN, Windows 10, Windows 11, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2016, Windows Server 2019, Windows Server 2022
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Posted by Richard M. Hicks on January 22, 2024

https://directaccess.richardhicks.com/2024/01/22/always-on-vpn-and-ipv6/

Always On VPN Routing Configuration

Windows 10 Always On VPN Routing ConfigurationWhen configuring Windows 10 Always On VPN, the administrator must choose between force tunneling and split tunneling. When force tunneling is used, all network traffic from the VPN client is routed over the VPN tunnel. When split tunneling is used, the VPN client must be configured with the necessary IP routes to establish remote network connectivity to on-premises resources. How those routes are established is a common source of confusion. This article provides guidance for properly configuring routing for Always On VPN clients.

Class Based Routing

IP addresses are assigned to Windows 10 Always On VPN clients from either a static pool of addresses configured by the administrator or by DHCP. If split tunneling is enabled, the client will also be assigned a class-based route that is derived from the IP address assigned to it by the VPN server, by default. If the client is assigned an IP address from the Class A network, a corresponding /8 prefix is used. For Class B networks a /16 prefix is defined, and for Class C networks a /24 prefix is used.

As an example, if the VPN server assigns the client an IP address of 10.21.12.103, a route to the 10.0.0.0/8 network is added to the client’s routing table, as shown here.

Windows 10 Always On VPN Routing Configuration

Complex Networks

This default class-based route is of limited use though, and is only applicable when the internal network is simple and VPN clients are assigned IP addresses from the same subnet class. In the example above, if the entire internal network resides in the 10.0.0.0/8 Class A address space, all resources will be reachable by the VPN client. Any resources in the Class B or Class C subnet ranges would be unreachable without additional configuration.

Route Configuration

To configure routing for Windows 10 Always On VPN clients, first disable the default class-based route by defining the following element in ProfileXML as shown here.

<VPNProfile>
   <NativeProfile>
      <DisableClassBasedDefaultRoute>true</DisableClassBasedDefaultRoute>
   </NativeProfile>
</VPNProfile>

Next, enable specific routes as needed by defining the following element(s) in ProfileXML. The example below defines routes for all private RFC 1918 networks.

<VPNProfile>
   <Route>
      <Address>10.0.0.0</Address>
      <PrefixSize>8</PrefixSize>
   </Route>
   <Route>
      <Address>172.16.0.0</Address>
      <PrefixSize>12</PrefixSize>
   </Route>
   <Route>
      <Address>192.168.0.0</Address>
      <PrefixSize>16</PrefixSize>
   </Route>
</VPNProfile>

Once implemented, the VPN client’s routing table will appear as shown here.

Windows 10 Always On VPN Routing Configuration

Summary

Proper routing is crucial for ensuring full network connectivity and access to internal resources for Windows 10 Always On VPN clients. When split tunneling is employed, avoid using the default class-based route and instead define specific routes using ProfileXML as required.

Additional Information

Always On VPN Client DNS Server Configuration

Deploying Windows 10 Always On VPN with Microsoft Intune

Windows 10 Always On VPN Certificate Requirements for IKEv2

Windows 10 Always On VPN Certificate Requirements for SSTP

284 Comments
by Richard M. Hicks on July 23, 2018  •  Permalink
Posted in Always On VPN, AOVPN, enterprise mobility, Mobility, Remote Access, VPN, Windows 10, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2016
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Posted by Richard M. Hicks on July 23, 2018

https://directaccess.richardhicks.com/2018/07/23/always-on-vpn-routing-configuration/

Always On VPN Client DNS Server Configuration

Always On VPN Client DNS Server ConfigurationDNS server configuration for Windows 10 Always On VPN clients is crucial to ensuring full access to internal resources. For Always On VPN, there are a few different ways to assign a DNS server to VPN clients.

Default DNS Servers

By default, Windows 10 clients use the same DNS server the VPN server is configured to use. This is true even if the VPN client IP address assignment method is DHCP.

Always On VPN Client DNS Server Configuration

There may be some scenarios in which this is not appropriate. For example, if the DNS server is in a DMZ network and is not configured to use internal Active Directory domain DNS servers, clients will be unable to access internal resources.

DNS Server Assignment

To configure Windows 10 Always On VPN clients to use DNS servers other than those configured on the VPN server, configure the DomainNameInformation element in the ProfileXML, as shown here.

<VPNProfile>
   <DomainNameInformation>
      <DomainName>.corp.example.net</DomainName>
      <DnsServers>10.21.12.100,10.21.12.101</DnsServers>
   </DomainNameInformation>
</VPNProfile>

Note: Be sure to include the lading “.” In the domain name to ensure that all hosts and subdomains are included.

Always On VPN Client DNS Server Configuration

Reference: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/client-management/mdm/vpnv2-csp

DNS and NRPT

Once the DomainNameInformation element has been defined, the new DNS server assignment does NOT appear on the VPN virtual adapters interface. In fact, it will still be configured to use the DNS server assigned to the VPN server, just as before. Using the DomainNameInformation element instead configures the Name Resolution Policy Table (NRPT) and assigns the new DNS server to the namespace defined by the administrator. You can view the NRPT running the Get-DnsClientNrptPolicy PowerShell command.

Always On VPN Client DNS Server Configuration

Additional Information

Windows 10 Always On VPN and the Name Resolution Policy Table (NRPT)

Deploying Windows 10 Always On VPN with Microsoft Intune

Windows 10 Always On VPN Certificate Requirements for IKEv2

Windows 10 Always On VPN Hands-On Training

65 Comments
by Richard M. Hicks on May 29, 2018  •  Permalink
Posted in Always On VPN, AOVPN, DNS, enterprise mobility, Mobility, name resolution policy table, NRPT, Remote Access, VPN, Windows 10, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2016
Tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Posted by Richard M. Hicks on May 29, 2018

https://directaccess.richardhicks.com/2018/05/29/always-on-vpn-client-dns-server-configuration/

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